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<title>Speedcoding</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Speedcoding</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Speedcoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a> and <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1953<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1953</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Strongly_typed_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongly typed programming language">strong</a>, <a href="Type_system" title="Type system">static</a>, <a href="Manifest_typing" title="Manifest typing">manifest</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly language</a>, <a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a>, <a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, <a href="PACT_I" class="mw-redirect" title="PACT I">PACT I</a>, <a href="MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a>, <a href="Ratfor" title="Ratfor">Ratfor</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<p><b>Speedcoding</b>, <b>Speedcode</b> or <b>SpeedCo</b> was the first <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created for an <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_1981_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language was developed by <a href="John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a> in 1953 for the <a href="IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a> to support computation with <a href="Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point"> floating point numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shasha-Lazere_1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shasha-Lazere_1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the <a href="IBM_SSEC" title="IBM SSEC">IBM SSEC</a> machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Booch-Backus_2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booch-Backus_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The speedcoding system was an <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_1981_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2></div>

<p>In August 1952, several dozen IBM engineers and <a href="IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a> customers met in <a href="Poughkeepsie%2C_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie, New York</a> to exchange ideas and best practices on programming the new machines in assembly. Several attendees expressed frustration with the slow nature of assembly programming and debugging, and questioned the utility of the 701 in applications where solutions to problems were needed quickly, or when the value of a solution justified the expense of computation time but not the cost of programming and debugging. Attendees likewise complained with issues with "scaling", or the need to religiously track the decimal point in arithmetic operations.<sup id="cite_ref-bashe-johnson-ibm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bashe-johnson-ibm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>John W. Sheldon, a supervisor of IBM's Technical Computing Bureau attending the meeting, and others felt that an "interpretive" programming system that utilized floating point operations was the best solution to this problem. Sheldon asked John Backus, who had previously worked on a <a href="IBM_CPC" title="IBM CPC">CPC</a> to <a href="IBM_SSEC" title="IBM SSEC">SSEC</a> code translator, to supervise the creation of a new floating-point interpretive programming language for use internal to IBM. Backus himself had previously expressed interest in improving programming methods, and observed that computing costs were roughly equally split between the cost of computation and cost of programming personnel, and that the additional expense of testing made labor the considerably larger expense. Starting in 1953, Backus and five colleagues designed this new language and named it "Speedcoding", where its use soon spread outside of IBM to customer installations of the 701 system.<sup id="cite_ref-bashe-johnson-ibm_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bashe-johnson-ibm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax_and_semantics">Syntax and semantics</h2></div>

<p>Speedcoding programs are organized as a series of instructions, each of which are stored in memory as a single 72-bit data word. An instruction generally consists of two operations (OP<sub>1</sub> and OP<sub>2</sub>) and 4 memory addresses. The first operation (OP<sub>1</sub>) is a mathematical or input/output operation that has 3 associated memory addresses, one or more of which can be modified depending on the nature of the operation. Mathematical operations include basic arithmetic, square root, and trigonometry functions. The logical operations include functionality for reading, writing, skipping, and rewinding <a href="Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">magnetic tape</a>, as well as operations for interacting with data stored in <a href="Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">drum memory</a>. The second operation (OP<sub>2</sub>) is a logical operation that has the remaining 1 associated memory address. Logical operations allow instructions to be carried out in a different order from which they are written allowing for implementations of gotos, conditionals, loops, and other advanced behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Reserved Arithmetic and Input/Output Operation Keywords<sup id="cite_ref-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 5em;;"><div><ul><li>ADD</li><li>SUB</li><li>ADDAB</li><li>ABADD</li><li>SUBAB</li><li>ABSUB</li><li>MPY</li><li>NGMPY</li><li>DIV</li><li>NGDIV</li><li>SQRT</li><li>SINE</li><li>ARTAN</li><li>EXP</li><li>LN</li><li>MOVE</li><li>WRTPJ</li><li>WRTPK</li><li>WRTPL</li><li>WRTPM</li><li>RFTPJ</li><li>RFTPL</li><li>RFTPM</li><li>RBTPJ</li><li>RBTPK</li><li>RBTPL</li><li>RBTPM</li><li>SFTPJ</li><li>SFTPK</li><li>SFTPL</li><li>SFTPM</li><li>SBTPJ</li><li>SBTPK</li><li>SBTPL</li><li>SBTPM</li><li>RWTPJ</li><li>RWTPK</li><li>RWTPL</li><li>RWTPM</li><li>EFTPJ</li><li>EFTPK</li><li>EFTPL</li><li>EFTPM</li><li>WRDRP</li><li>WRDRQ</li><li>RFDRP</li><li>RFDRQ</li><li>PRINT</li><li>EJECT</li><li>NOOP</li></ul></div></div>

<p>Reserved Logical Keywords<sup id="cite_ref-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="div-col" style="column-width: 5em;;"><div><ul><li>TR</li><li>TRPL</li><li>TRMN</li><li>TRZ</li><li>SNTRP</li><li>SNTRQ</li><li>TIA</li><li>TIB</li><li>TIC</li><li>TIBC</li><li>TIAC</li><li>TIABC</li><li>TDA</li><li>TDC</li><li>TDAB</li><li>TDBC</li><li>TDAC</li><li>TDABC</li><li>SETRA</li><li>SETRB</li><li>SETRC</li><li>SKRA</li><li>SKRB</li><li>SKRC</li><li>RADDA</li><li>RADDB</li><li>RADDC</li><li>RADDD</li><li>ADDA</li><li>ADDB</li><li>ADDC</li><li>ADDD</li><li>SUBA</li><li>SUBB</li><li>SUBC</li><li>SUBD</li><li>STA</li><li>STB</li><li>STC</li><li>STD</li><li>SKIP</li><li>PRCH</li><li>STCH</li><li>ECHTR</li></ul></div></div>

<ul><li><a href="PACT_(compiler)" title="PACT (compiler)">PACT (compiler)</a></li>

<li><a href="Short_Code_(computer_language)" title="Short Code (computer language)">Short Code (computer language)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meaning symbolic and aimed at <a href="Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> expressiveness as opposed to <a href="Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine</a> or hardware instruction oriented coding.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Frances_Elizabeth_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Elizabeth Allen">Allen, Frances "Fran" Elizabeth</a> (September 1981). "The History of Language Processor Technology in IBM". <i><a href="IBM_Journal_of_Research_and_Development" title="IBM Journal of Research and Development">IBM Journal of Research and Development</a></i>. <b>25</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">535–</span>548. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.255.0535">10.1147/rd.255.0535</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Shasha-Lazere_1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shasha-Lazere_1998_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShashaLazere1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Dennis_Elliot_Shasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Elliot Shasha">Shasha, Dennis Elliot</a>; Lazere, Cathy (1998). <i>Out of their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists</i>. New York, USA: <a href="Copernicus_(imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus (imprint)">Copernicus</a>, <a href="Springer-Verlag_New_York%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.">Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.</a> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-387-98269-8</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98-16911">98-16911</a>. SPIN 10693423.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Booch-Backus_2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booch-Backus_2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBackus2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">Backus, John W.</a> (2006-09-05). <a href="Grady_Booch" title="Grady Booch">Booch, Grady</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf">"Oral History of John Backus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reference number: X3715.2007</i> (Interview). Ashland, Oregon, USA: <a href="Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408163653/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-23</span></span>.</cite> (42 pages)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPughJohnsonPalmer1991" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991). <i>IBM's 360 and early 370 systems</i>. <a href="MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 38. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-262-16123-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bashe-johnson-ibm-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bashe-johnson-ibm_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bashe-johnson-ibm_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBasheJohnsonPalmerPugh1986" class="citation book cs1">Bashe, Charles; Johnson, Lyle; Palmer, John; Pugh, Emerson (1986-03-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262523936/ibms-early-computers/"><i>IBM's Early Computers</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>338. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780262523936</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibm-speedcoding-system-1954_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf"><i>IBM speedcoding system for the type 701 electronic data processing machines</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York, USA: <a href="International_Business_Machines_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines Corporation">International Business Machines Corporation</a>. 1954 [1953-09-10]. Form 24-6059-0 (5-54:2M-W). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164350/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf"><i>IBM speedcoding system for the type 701 electronic data processing machines</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York, USA: <a href="International_Business_Machines_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines Corporation">International Business Machines Corporation</a>. 1954 [1953-09-10]. Form 24-6059-0 (5-54:2M-W). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164350/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-04</span></span>.</cite> (48 pages)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBackus1954" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">Backus, John W.</a> (January 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/p4-backus.pdf">"The IBM 701 Speedcoding System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Journal_of_the_ACM" title="Journal of the ACM">Journal of the ACM</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516175128/http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/p4-backus.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-04</span></span>.</cite></li>

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